Mythology and History

A Forgotten Battle of Ninurta  Within the wide body of Mesopotamian myths, Ninurta appears again and again as the figure who rises to defend...

A Winged Thief of Destiny In Mesopotamian myth, Anzu appears as a giant bird with the cunning of a thief and the force of a demon. His rebel...

The Seven Evil Spirits in Babylonian Myth Introduction In Mesopotamian tradition, danger was not always imagined as a single monster or ve...

Ashur: From City God to National Deity of the Assyrians Introduction When discussing Mesopotamian traditions, the spotlight often falls on f...

In the ancient imagination of Mesopotamia, trees were never just wood and leaves. They stood as pillars of the cosmos, roots sinking into th...

Life along the Nile in the mid–Eighteenth Dynasty seemed steady and prosperous—boats carried grain, artisans carved stone for new temples, a...

The Cycle of Celtic Festivals In the old Celtic lands, the passing of time was measured by the turning of the seasons and the glow of fires ...

Introduction: Before the Dawn of Creation In the stillness before the first sunrise, when no earth had yet risen and no gods had yet spoken,...

Gods Born from Chaos Across the ancient world, people looked into the face of storms, deserts, and earthquakes and wondered what powers shap...

Introduction In the silence of the desert night, when the wind whips across endless dunes and the horizon glows faintly beneath a canopy of ...

Introduction In the stillness of an Egyptian night, when the desert winds softened and the Nile carried its quiet reflections of the moon, t...

Introduction At the break of day along the Nile, when the morning haze drifted lazily above the water and the cliffs of the valley caught fi...

Introduction: The War Cry of Thebes When the desert winds swept across the Nile Valley and the armies of Thebes marched to defend their home...

Introduction: The Eternal Lovers of Egyptian Myth In the heart of ancient Egyptian imagination, myths were more than stories—they were expla...

The Fierce Power of the Nile Under the scorching Egyptian sun, the Nile shimmered like a vein of liquid silver, carrying both hope and dread...

Entering the Hall of Two Truths Imagine standing in silence after death, drifting beyond the boundaries of the living world. The ancient Egy...

Bastet: The Gentle Protector and Fierce Guardian of Ancient Egypt When people today think of cats in ancient Egypt, the image of sleek felin...

Egypt’s Falcon Guardian Among the pantheon of ancient Egypt, Horus stands out not only for his striking falcon form but also for what he rep...

Osiris: God of the Afterlife and Fertility When you step into the world of ancient Egyptian belief, few figures loom as large and enduring a...

Introduction: An Epic That Defined Ancient Egypt The legend of Isis and Osiris is more than a simple folktale—it is the heart of ancient Egy...

Ahmose I: Egypt’s Hero and the Dawn of the 18th Dynasty Ahmose I stands among the most distinguished kings of ancient Egypt—a hero of its li...

Who Were the Hyksos? According to the ancient Egyptian historian Manetho, during the reign of King Toutimaios, Egypt faced an unexpected dis...

Why Did the 12th Dynasty Collapse? Key Theories Behind the Decline of Egypt's Golden Age The Twelfth Dynasty was undoubtedly one of Egyp...

Historical Background & the Rise of Amenemhat I Amenemhat I stabilized the situation by establishing boundaries between the provincial r...

The rise of the rulers of Thebes and the establishment of the Eleventh Dynasty in ancient Egypt A ruling house arose in Thebes during the Si...

Causes of Political Fragmentation after the Old Kingdom Collapse The Ipuwer Papyrus depicts the state of Egypt in the last days of the Sixth...

The Political Origins of the Sixth Dynasty in Memphis Manetho mentioned about this dynasty that its origin is from Memphis, and this is very...