Introduction to Ptah
Ptah was one of Egypt's main deities, but curiously little is known about his early history. With few exceptions, the main textual sources date from the New Kingdom or later, when Egyptian religion had long since been shaped by the prevailing theology of Heliopolis.Origins and Worship of Ptah
Ptah is known to have been worshipped as early as the Early Dynastic period, the date of his image on a stone vessel found at Tarkhan, south of Lisht. There he appears in his usual form without reference to his limbs - a form he shares with some other ancient gods such as Min and Osiris - and was later interpreted as a mummy. He wears a narrow hood, stands on a pedestal in an open shrine and holds a scepter. Later statues usually show him with a straight beard, and the scepter is usually a mace, which since the New Kingdom has often been combined with the symbols Ankh and Djed. Sometimes the god is shown seated.
Evidence from the Old Kingdom is sparse and consists mainly of personal names and a few titles. Personal names consisting of Ptah appear at the end of the Fourth Dynasty and seem to suddenly become very common during the Fifth Dynasty, suggesting that the deity began to play an important role in personal worship. In contrast, royal names from the same period ignore Ptah, and he is almost absent from royal inscriptions. In pyramid texts, Ptah is mentioned only two or three times, always in connection with the provision of food to the deceased king. Since the end of the Fourth Dynasty, titles referring to the priesthood of Ptah confirm the existence of a temple in the capital, Minaf. Most of these titles are also associated with royal workshops, especially in the manufacture of jewellery. Some of them also hold the title of ‘chief overseer of craftsmen which soon became the title of Ptah's high priest in Memphis.
Role of Ptah in Arts and Crafts
Ptah was certainly associated early on with arts and crafts. He may have originally been a local deity who assumed the role of divine maker and God of artists, craftsmen and builders when Memphis became the capital of Egypt, and thus the site of the royal workshops. It is also possible that he was associated with the royal workshops even before they were moved to Memphis.Temples and Sacred Sites of Ptah
In any case, Ptah was the supreme deity of Memphis throughout Egyptian history, and the name of his temple (‘Temple of Ka Ptah’) became the name of the city of Memphis and eventually of the whole country (Hecoptah. Gro Aegyptos ‘Egypt’). Few remains of this temple remain, but it is believed to have been larger than the vast Amun-Ra complex at Karnak. Some of the god's titles also refer to Memphis: ‘South of his wall’ means “he has a temple south of the (white) wall” (i.e. Memphis), or perhaps “whose (perimeter) wall is south of (Memphis);” “who is on the great throne” refers to the great temple in Memphis; and “Lord of Ankhtawi” may refer to the area on the west bank of the Nile between the city and the cemetery in the desert. Other common titles for the god include ‘Lord of Maat’ (the principle of world order), ‘Great Power’, and ‘Good Face’, a title often erroneously said to be limited to gods depicted in human form. Early on, Ptah was associated with Sokar, another god of Memphis, who was essentially the god of the dead; he played a role in many funerary texts as Ptah Sokar (later Ptah Sokar Osiris).The Sacred Trinity in Memphis
Other deities worshipped in Memphis included the lion goddess Sekhmet and the lotus god Nefertum, with whom Ptah formed a trinity (father, mother and son) from the New Kingdom onwards. It is also associated with the figure of Hathor, the ‘Lady of the Southern Sycamore’, who had a temple in the southern part of the city. From the Eighteenth Dynasty onwards, the sacred bull Apis of Memphis, originally an independent deity, was seen as the living manifestation of Ptah. In later times, the deified mortal Imhotep was seen as his son. According to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, the Memphis temple also contained a statue of Ptah in the form of a dwarf (puppy Pataikos), and images of Ptah in this form have been found.
The meaning of the name Ptah is unknown. A linguistic etymology found in the Ark texts (Talisman 647) associates him with the verb pth (‘to make’), but although this clearly corresponds to his role as a divine maker, it is also possible that the verb is actually derived from the god's name and not vice versa. The amulet itself also contains the first references to Ptah as a maker god.
The meaning of the name Ptah is unknown. A linguistic etymology found in the Ark texts (Talisman 647) associates him with the verb pth (‘to make’), but although this clearly corresponds to his role as a divine maker, it is also possible that the verb is actually derived from the god's name and not vice versa. The amulet itself also contains the first references to Ptah as a maker god.
Ptah as a Creator God
Texts from the New Kingdom expand on this idea further, notably the Memphite Theology - once thought to date from the Old Kingdom but later shown to date from the Ramses period of the New Kingdom - and a series of hymns to Ptah in a papyrus in Berlin. These texts equate him with the primordial god Atum, who created the world at the beginning of time through his ‘heart’ (thought) and ‘tongue’ (word); this god appears as the earth god Tatenin, the primordial creator god, who is personified in Ptah, the divine sculptor who forms the concept of creation in his mind and then realises it physically. As the primordial creator god, Ptah, or Ptah-Tatenin, as he is often called, becomes one of the three state gods of Egypt, along with Amun of Thebes and Ra of Heliopolis. One famous text says that all the gods are examples of this trinity: ‘Three are all the gods: Amun, Ra and Ptah, there is none like them. The hidden god is Amun.
He appears as Ra. His body is Ptah.’ In another text, the sun god Ra is said to be Ptah or ‘maker’ whose body is moulded from gold. In later texts, Ptah is depicted as the father of the Ogdoad Hermopolis, the primordial elements from which the organised universe evolved. As the primordial god, he encompasses the whole world: His feet on earth, his head in the sky, his eyes the sun and the moon, his breath the air, and his body fluid the water. Images of Ptah show him as the sky god wearing a blue hood and a body covered in feathers. This all-encompassing deity is also the god of fate, who decides life and death and determines the length of a king's reign and the lifespan of each individual. As the ‘Ptah who hears prayers’, he played an important role in the personal religion of many ordinary Egyptians.
Outside of Memphis, Ptah was worshipped in many places where artists and craftsmen were active, such as Deir el-Medina and Sinai. He was worshipped in all of Egypt's important temples, including Karnak, Thebes, Abydos, and Nubia.
Outside of Memphis, Ptah was worshipped in many places where artists and craftsmen were active, such as Deir el-Medina and Sinai. He was worshipped in all of Egypt's important temples, including Karnak, Thebes, Abydos, and Nubia.