What Are Secret Religions and Mystery Cults?
Secret religions can be defined as religions whose adherents perform mysterious rituals limited to them only, in order to ensure a happy and eternal life after death.After man despaired of immortality during life, he relied on immortality after death, and because he could not guarantee all his fellow human beings to obtain this immortality after death, so a knowledgeable elite sought to reach this dream, either through knowledge, where these special people engage in science and tasteful knowledge that guarantees them union with God to obtain this immortality, or through secret rituals of a special and mysterious nature. These rituals were often divided into graduated stages, namely:
1- Cleansing: Physical cleansing by washing and hygiene or spiritual cleansing by confession.
2- Consecration: Indoctrination of the first principles or principles of the secret religion.
3- Transit: It is a mysterious ritual in which the worshipper is subjected to a kind of difficult ritual examinations that stabilize his faith and make him strong.
4- Union: It is the union with the sacred god so that the worshipper guarantees himself immortality after death because his god will be alive after his death, and he will be this god in whole or in part.
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| Votive Plaque Depicting Elements of the Eleusinian Mysteries, National Archaeological Museum, Athens. Date: 19 Dec 2005. Author: Marsyas (assumed). Licensed under GFDL 1.2+ & CC BY-SA 3.0 |
The Origins of Mystery Religions: From the East to Ancient Greece
Mystery religions appeared in the ancient Eastern religions widely and some of them may have moved to Greece and the Greeks; but the peak of the emergence of mystery religions was in the Hellenistic era, which witnessed the mixing of Eastern religions with the Greek religion, and this mixing resulted in secret doctrines. The doctrines of salvation, which took on a secretive character, emerged. From the ancient Eastern religions of the plant gods, where their death was like burying the seeds and waiting for them to come back to life and grow.For more about Religious Beliefs and Rituals in Ancient Greece, read this article
Religious Beliefs and Rituals in Ancient Greece
Some ancient Eastern ideologies (Sumerian and Semitic) knew the idea of a god who dies, and his body is cut up, and the remains of his body are given as food for plant life.
It seems that the essence of the idea was based on a mythological basis related to the creation of man (life arises from the death of a god), but that was not the end of the matter, but rather other things followed, namely that this dead god will be alive underground or in the underworld, and because he was the cause of the emergence of life, people fear him when they go after death to the underworld, and hence the traditions of intercession of the lower god, which may be associated with the idea of darkness and perhaps evil and demons.
Thus, these cults emerged away from the official cults, which were mostly "worshiping a weak, esoteric and weak god who controls the world after death, and these cults were accompanied by mysterious secret rituals that will be the basis for the emergence of Gnostic and Hermetic beliefs as beliefs whose structures were completed in the Hellenistic era.
In this context, we review the most important secret religions among the ancient Greeks
The name of this religion was taken from the name of the city (Eleusis) in which the religion appeared for the first time according to a circulating legend and then spread from this city to Greece and their islands and to their eastern and western colonies (Asia Minor, southern Italy and Sicily).
The Myth of Demeter and Persephone: Greek Mythology
But she returns to the family of Silius and teaches his son various types of work such as plowing, sowing, planting and harvesting, and travels him around the world, so he grows up strong and educated, and when he returns to Eleusis, a grandiose temple is built for the goddess (Demeter) in which the Eleusinian worship and its rituals take place.
Eleusinian worship was restricted to men and took place on a sacred hill. Women, on the other hand, performed it alone and gathered in a special place.
It took place as follows
1) 13 Boedromion: The priests carry the statue of the god Dionysius and the symbols of the goddess Demeter (torches and wheat stalks) from her temple in Eleusis and take them along the Sacred Way to Athens in a grand procession to place them in her temple there.
2) 14 Boedromion: The high priest of the goddess Demeter in Athens announces the beginning of the great festivities. 3) 15 Boedromion: Followers of the Eleusinian Mysteries begin to perform purification rituals in the bay (Phaleron) north of Athens, where they wash there and bring with them a small pig, then the pig is slaughtered and its blood is sprinkled on the worshipers of Demeter and they are asked to fast for three days, and these three days are a rite of consecration and transit where worshipers suffer for Demeter's fallen daughter in the underworld, and these three days are a ritual of consecration and transit.
4) 20-19 Boedromion: The priests of the goddess (Demeter) gather with her purified worshippers and carry basil branches and leaves, then chant in a slow procession while carrying the statue of Dionysius, and offerings and sacrifices on all the altars along the sacred road.
5) 21 of the months of Poridomion: The procession arrives at night to the temple of Demeter in Eleusis accompanied by
lighted torches and begins the sacred dinner where they eat a sacred meal of bread with a drink consisting of barley powder and mint-scented water in bowls of strange shape, and this participation in food
and drink indicates a promise of immortality after death and symbolized by the emergence of seed sprouts buried in the ground. Represented by the goddess Demeter and her daughter and union with her to ensure the worshippers salvation in the afterlife, and perhaps the ritual aspect was necessary to bring about the ecstasy and the rising inspiration that guarantees the union, as there was the disclosure of certain things with holiness that shake the soul
This religion or worship was open to all people of different classes, even slaves, and did not accept non-Greek foreigners (barbarians, as they called them) or criminals" and equated them in rituals and promises.
One of its characteristics is that it addressed the individual as an individual; away from every legal system and every family influence to the individual alone as he will be on the day of his death, and therefore the success of these secrets was parallel to the success of the Athenian democracy itself, which achieved victory by freeing the citizen from the pressure of family groups.
the idea of immortality that the gods of the underworld will guarantee him, as they have recognized him and recognized her in some form. In any case, there is no doubt that the focal point of the Eleusinian Mysteries was the search for immortality. and the seemingly paradoxical belief that it can only be achieved through death. It was believed that one could undergo a symbolic death. by being indoctrinated into the mysteries and ritualized. This notion was common in the ancient Near East but was overwhelmingly strong in Egypt.
Although the Eleusinian religion is a secret religion of salvation, it belongs at its roots to a fertility cult that hid behind the glorious appearance of the male weather god (Zeus), especially since it is a feminine religion that belongs to (Demeter). The followers of Eleusis were privy to the secrets of the goddess and received the promise of overcoming death like her.
Religious Beliefs and Rituals in Ancient Greece
Some ancient Eastern ideologies (Sumerian and Semitic) knew the idea of a god who dies, and his body is cut up, and the remains of his body are given as food for plant life.
It seems that the essence of the idea was based on a mythological basis related to the creation of man (life arises from the death of a god), but that was not the end of the matter, but rather other things followed, namely that this dead god will be alive underground or in the underworld, and because he was the cause of the emergence of life, people fear him when they go after death to the underworld, and hence the traditions of intercession of the lower god, which may be associated with the idea of darkness and perhaps evil and demons.
Thus, these cults emerged away from the official cults, which were mostly "worshiping a weak, esoteric and weak god who controls the world after death, and these cults were accompanied by mysterious secret rituals that will be the basis for the emergence of Gnostic and Hermetic beliefs as beliefs whose structures were completed in the Hellenistic era.
In this context, we review the most important secret religions among the ancient Greeks
Eleusinian
The religion of Eleusinian Mysteries is one of the oldest secret religions of the Greeks, whose roots date back to the sixteenth century BC and continued until the fourth century AD, about two thousand years.The name of this religion was taken from the name of the city (Eleusis) in which the religion appeared for the first time according to a circulating legend and then spread from this city to Greece and their islands and to their eastern and western colonies (Asia Minor, southern Italy and Sicily).
Eleusis was located twelve miles west of Athens and connected by a road called (Holy Road), and there is a cave called (Plutonium)
The Greeks believed that it is the entrance to the underworld, which is usually taken by the god of the underworld (Hades).
The main myth of this religion revolved around the goddess Demeter, the goddess of earth and fertility.
The Greeks believed that it is the entrance to the underworld, which is usually taken by the god of the underworld (Hades).
The main myth of this religion revolved around the goddess Demeter, the goddess of earth and fertility.
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| Demeter and Metaneira, Apulian Red-Figure Hydria (ca. 340 BC), Altes Museum. Artist: Varrese Painter. Dimensions: H. 68 cm. Location: Kompartiment XXIII (Tarent), case 7. Accession No.: Inv. 1984.46. Source: User: Bibi Saint-Pol, own work (2008). Public Domain |
The Eleusinian Mysteries: Secret Rituals of Initiation
Every secret religion has a myth centered around it that is the basis of its beliefs and rituals, and the ancient Demeter myth says that Hades, the god of the underworld, kidnapped the goddess Persephone, the daughter of Demeter.
For more about Persephone, her abduction, and Demeter's search for her, read this articleThe Myth of Demeter and Persephone: Greek Mythology
Demeter disguised herself as an old woman and searched for her until she reached the city of Eleusis. The daughter of the king of the city offered her to work as a nanny for the king's only son, so she accepts this order and tries to repay the king's family by healing his sick son and then performing strange rituals to grant him immortality, But the child's mother is horrified when she sees the strange rituals performed by the old woman, so Demeter reveals her true divine personality and rides her divine chariot and disappears from sight, and after Demeter finds her daughter Persephone and heaven decrees that her daughter spends half a year on earth (spring) and half a year underground (winter).
But she returns to the family of Silius and teaches his son various types of work such as plowing, sowing, planting and harvesting, and travels him around the world, so he grows up strong and educated, and when he returns to Eleusis, a grandiose temple is built for the goddess (Demeter) in which the Eleusinian worship and its rituals take place.
Eleusinian worship was restricted to men and took place on a sacred hill. Women, on the other hand, performed it alone and gathered in a special place.
What Happened During the Eleusinian Festival?
The rituals of the Eleusinian festivals were divided into two types, the minor ones that took place in the spring and the major ones in the fall, and the major Eleusinian festivals took place in several stages in the last week of September, specifically since the 21st, and according to the Greek calendar, it begins on the 13th of BoedromionIt took place as follows
1) 13 Boedromion: The priests carry the statue of the god Dionysius and the symbols of the goddess Demeter (torches and wheat stalks) from her temple in Eleusis and take them along the Sacred Way to Athens in a grand procession to place them in her temple there.
2) 14 Boedromion: The high priest of the goddess Demeter in Athens announces the beginning of the great festivities. 3) 15 Boedromion: Followers of the Eleusinian Mysteries begin to perform purification rituals in the bay (Phaleron) north of Athens, where they wash there and bring with them a small pig, then the pig is slaughtered and its blood is sprinkled on the worshipers of Demeter and they are asked to fast for three days, and these three days are a rite of consecration and transit where worshipers suffer for Demeter's fallen daughter in the underworld, and these three days are a ritual of consecration and transit.
4) 20-19 Boedromion: The priests of the goddess (Demeter) gather with her purified worshippers and carry basil branches and leaves, then chant in a slow procession while carrying the statue of Dionysius, and offerings and sacrifices on all the altars along the sacred road.
5) 21 of the months of Poridomion: The procession arrives at night to the temple of Demeter in Eleusis accompanied by
lighted torches and begins the sacred dinner where they eat a sacred meal of bread with a drink consisting of barley powder and mint-scented water in bowls of strange shape, and this participation in food
and drink indicates a promise of immortality after death and symbolized by the emergence of seed sprouts buried in the ground. Represented by the goddess Demeter and her daughter and union with her to ensure the worshippers salvation in the afterlife, and perhaps the ritual aspect was necessary to bring about the ecstasy and the rising inspiration that guarantees the union, as there was the disclosure of certain things with holiness that shake the soul
This religion or worship was open to all people of different classes, even slaves, and did not accept non-Greek foreigners (barbarians, as they called them) or criminals" and equated them in rituals and promises.
One of its characteristics is that it addressed the individual as an individual; away from every legal system and every family influence to the individual alone as he will be on the day of his death, and therefore the success of these secrets was parallel to the success of the Athenian democracy itself, which achieved victory by freeing the citizen from the pressure of family groups.
Why Were the Eleusinian Mysteries So Important?
The fear of mortality after death was the theological premise of this religion, and esoteric rituals were a means for it, which is done through the symbolic representation of the story of Demeter and her daughter and entering some mysterious secrets with her, while the end of all this is the reassurance of the worshiper that by practicing this practice he has reconciled withthe idea of immortality that the gods of the underworld will guarantee him, as they have recognized him and recognized her in some form. In any case, there is no doubt that the focal point of the Eleusinian Mysteries was the search for immortality. and the seemingly paradoxical belief that it can only be achieved through death. It was believed that one could undergo a symbolic death. by being indoctrinated into the mysteries and ritualized. This notion was common in the ancient Near East but was overwhelmingly strong in Egypt.
Although the Eleusinian religion is a secret religion of salvation, it belongs at its roots to a fertility cult that hid behind the glorious appearance of the male weather god (Zeus), especially since it is a feminine religion that belongs to (Demeter). The followers of Eleusis were privy to the secrets of the goddess and received the promise of overcoming death like her.
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