What is Orphism? Origins and Meaning
Orphism is named after the poet-God Orpheus who appeared in Thrace, and the poems of this poet-God, sung on the lyre, inspired the formation of a Greek secret cult or religion.This religion flourished during the sixth century B.C. and then continued with other secret religions, especially Dionysianism, but over time it took on other forms.
The Core Beliefs of Orphism
The essence of this religion is based on the idea of salvation, the salvation of the soul from its bodily prison. It saw the body as a defiled prison for the soul or spirit, which is a divine breath, and therefore the soul must be freed from the body in order to return to purity._-_Foto_G._Dall'Orto%20(1).webp "Orpheus-surrounded-by-animals") |
| Orpheus surrounded by animals. Ancient Roman floor mosaic, from Palermo, now in the Museo Archeologico Regionale di Palermo. Picture by Giovanni Dall'Orto. © Giovanni Dall'Orto, 28 September 2006. Public domain. |
Orphism and the Myth of Dionysus
This religious idea came from a mythical origin that Zeus created man from the ashes that resulted from his burning of the Titans who ate his son Dionysus, so he collected their ashes and thus man became the embodiment of two opposites: the filth of the Titans and their bodies and the purity of Dionysus, which is connected to the god Zeus. This also explains their reverence for Dionysus.For more about the god Dionysus, you can read the following article
Dionysus (Bacchus): The God of Wine and Fertility in Greek Mythology
Dionysus (Bacchus): The God of Wine and Fertility in Greek Mythology
Thus, the Orphics, after embracing the cult of Dionysus, gave him the title of savior as a reward, and established a relationship between him and the myth that speaks of Zagreus (who is Dionysus) who was torn apart by the Titans, but Zeus brought him back to life in the form of Dionysus, and it is this dead and resurrected god who became the god of the savior of men, like the Eastern gods Osiris, Tammuz, and others).
Orpheus and Eurydice– The Legend of Love and Loss
But the myth of Orpheus itself includes the idea of trying to escape death before the myth of Dionysus was the theological basis for the Orphic idea of salvation. In the myth of Orpheus, we glimpse the relentless search of Orpheus, the singer, poet and inspired god, to save his beloved Eurydice from the captivity of death. It even includes a new element of development:the possibility of salvation not through union or representation with the god of the underworld but through poetry, music and song that plays a role in making the underworld weep and stop. This shift from salvation rituals that rely on sacrifices and sexual practices to the adoption of art and poetry in particular as a means of salvation represents a qualitative development in the mystery religions towards Gnosticism, where the creative word plays a role in salvation, although the secret teachings of the sect remained as a kind of esoteric knowledge that guarantees understanding and communication with him directly.
The legend of Orpheus (son of Apollo, god of music and arts, and son of Calliope) is that he was a charming poet who made nature, all nature, long for him and rush towards him when he sings his poems on his lyre, and the nymph (Eurydice) fell in love with his singing and their wedding date came, but shortly after their marriage, his beloved fled from the pursuit of a shepherd and fell to the ground and was devoured by a serpent among the grasses and then died. Orpheus couldn't stand life and decided to go down to the underworld to bring her back, and the lords of the underworld begged him with his singing and music, so the underworld stopped the moment he sang about death and everyone in it cried, so the gods (Hades) and (Persephone) decided to return his beloved to him on the condition that he would not pay attention to her until they arrived in the upper world (i.e. the earth).
The legend of Orpheus (son of Apollo, god of music and arts, and son of Calliope) is that he was a charming poet who made nature, all nature, long for him and rush towards him when he sings his poems on his lyre, and the nymph (Eurydice) fell in love with his singing and their wedding date came, but shortly after their marriage, his beloved fled from the pursuit of a shepherd and fell to the ground and was devoured by a serpent among the grasses and then died. Orpheus couldn't stand life and decided to go down to the underworld to bring her back, and the lords of the underworld begged him with his singing and music, so the underworld stopped the moment he sang about death and everyone in it cried, so the gods (Hades) and (Persephone) decided to return his beloved to him on the condition that he would not pay attention to her until they arrived in the upper world (i.e. the earth).
But Orpheus wanted to make sure that his beloved was behind him at the last moment, and she fell into the abysses of the underworld, so Orpheus returned again to the world of the living, alone and sad, pouring his anger on all women, which angered the Maenads of the god Dionysus, who tore him up and cut his body into pieces, which they scattered in the air. Trees, rivers, animals and stones mourned, and the goddesses of the arts collected the pieces of his body and buried them, but his head and his lyre slide into a channel that carries them to (Lemnos), which later became the cradle of lyrical poetry, and Zeus hung his lyre among the stars and his ghost descended to meet his beloved in the underworld.
This does not mean that Orphic practices were completely devoid of other practices, as the mere appearance of Dionysus in it makes us guess the appearance of rituals of bombing and sex, then grief and weeping. There is also no doubt that the Orphicists gathered in their ranks quacks and diviners that may be suspected, and there is also no doubt that magic had its place in their scriptures, but they brought many new opinions, whose success was initially great and then declined throughout the classical period, although it continued in secret, until it returned and appeared in the Hellenistic period.
Bernal sees that the word Irp't means the image of the egg, which seems to be related to the egg associated with the origin of the universe, which was laid by the god Geb in his image as a goose, often without female intervention, here too, an interesting analogy with the Greeks, in that an egg is essentially the beginning of the origin of the universe in the Orcish faith.
Bernal makes another connection between Orpheus and Osiris through the Book of the Dead. In the New Kingdom and later periods of ancient Egyptian history, this book served as a guide for the soul through the perils of the afterworld until it reached immortality, and was often buried with the mummified body. Some hymns engraved on gold foil were placed on the bodies of Orpheus worshippers, so it is interesting to note that a version of the Book of the Dead actually refers to the books of Geb and Osiris.
Rituals and Practices in Orphism – A Path to Purity
This myth was the basis of a secret philosophy and religion formed in Greece about sin, purity and life after death and found support in the figure of Dionysus, who appeared in all Hellenic secret doctrines. They believe that the way to salvation is not direct union with God, but the liberation of the soul or spirit from the unclean body, and this is done through ritual austerities and asceticism. They promised eternal happiness to anyone who follows the path of moral and physical austerity, which they advised to all humans, whose souls will be separated by death from their unclean bodies.This does not mean that Orphic practices were completely devoid of other practices, as the mere appearance of Dionysus in it makes us guess the appearance of rituals of bombing and sex, then grief and weeping. There is also no doubt that the Orphicists gathered in their ranks quacks and diviners that may be suspected, and there is also no doubt that magic had its place in their scriptures, but they brought many new opinions, whose success was initially great and then declined throughout the classical period, although it continued in secret, until it returned and appeared in the Hellenistic period.
The Influence of Orphism on Greek and Eastern Religions
According to Martin Bernal, Orpheus is related to the Egyptian earth god Geb, one of whose Egyptian titles was Irp't, who was the ancient god of the good earth (the plants and animals on and under the earth), which fits with Orpheus' position as a curator of nature as well as his interest in the subterranean. Geb is associated with his son Osiris, who is the equivalent of Orpheus.Bernal sees that the word Irp't means the image of the egg, which seems to be related to the egg associated with the origin of the universe, which was laid by the god Geb in his image as a goose, often without female intervention, here too, an interesting analogy with the Greeks, in that an egg is essentially the beginning of the origin of the universe in the Orcish faith.
Bernal makes another connection between Orpheus and Osiris through the Book of the Dead. In the New Kingdom and later periods of ancient Egyptian history, this book served as a guide for the soul through the perils of the afterworld until it reached immortality, and was often buried with the mummified body. Some hymns engraved on gold foil were placed on the bodies of Orpheus worshippers, so it is interesting to note that a version of the Book of the Dead actually refers to the books of Geb and Osiris.